Bring a large pot of lightly salted water to a rolling boil. Cook the linguine at a boil, stirring occasionally, until the pasta is cooked through yet firm to the bite, about 11 minutes; drain.
Melt butter in a large skillet over medium heat. Cook and stir onion and jalapeno pepper in melted butter until tender, about 3 minutes.
Add shrimp, tomatoes, and garlic; cook and stir until shrimp are opaque, about 2 minutes more.
Pour white wine and lemon juice over shrimp mixture; continue cooking until the sauce thickens, 3 to 5 minutes.