Add broccoli rabe to pasta during the last 2 minutes of cooking. When penne is al dente and broccoli rabe is tender but still bright green, drain, reserving 1/3 cup pasta water; set aside.
While pasta is cooking, heat olive oil over medium heat.
Add garlic and crushed red pepper, and cook 1 1/22 minutes or until fragrant but not browned.
Add the chicken and reserved pasta water, and cook 1 minute or until heated through.
Add preserved lemon rind (or lemon zest) and salt; remove from heat.
Toss chicken mixture with cooked pasta and broccoli rabe and grated fresh Parmesan; divide evenly among 4 bowls. Use a wide peeler to shave 12 (2-inch-long) strips of Parmesan.
Place 3 shavings over each portion; serve immediately.