Bring 2 qt. water to a boil in a Dutch oven; add shrimp, and cook 3 to 5 minutes or just until shrimp turn pink.
Drain and rinse with cold water. Peel shrimp, leaving tails on; devein, if desired.
Whisk together vinegar and next 6 ingredients in a large bowl.
Pour mixture into a large zip-top plastic freezer bag; add shrimp, olives, onion, and lemon, turning to coat. Seal and chill 4 hours, turning occasionally.